The first inhabitants of the New World brought with them domestic dogs and, possibly, a container, the calabash, both of which persisted in their new home. There is little additional evidence of contacts between the peoples of the Old World and those of the New World, although the literature speculating on pre-Columbian trans-oceanic journeys is extensive. The weight of scientific evidence is that humans first came to the New World from Siberia thousands of years ago. Mann, in his book 1493 further expands and updates Crosby's original research. The term has become popular among historians and journalists and has since been enhanced with Crosby's later book in three editions, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900.
His research made a lasting contribution to the way scholars understand the variety of contemporary ecosystems that arose due to these transfers. He studied the effects of Columbus's voyages between the two – specifically, the global diffusion of crops, seeds, and plants from the New World to the Old, which radically transformed agriculture in both regions. His primary focus was mapping the biological and cultural transfers that occurred between the Old World and New Worlds. Crosby, an American historian at the University of Texas at Austin, published the book The Columbian Exchange, and subsequent volumes within the same decade. It was rapidly adopted by other historians and journalists. Crosby in his environmental history book The Columbian Exchange. The term was first used in 1972 by the American historian and professor Alfred W. American-produced silver flooded the world and became the standard metal used in coinage, especially in Imperial China. Old World rice, wheat, sugar cane, and livestock, among other crops, became important in the New World. American crops such as maize, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, cassava, sweet potatoes, and chili peppers became important crops around the world. The new contacts among the global population resulted in the interchange of a wide variety of crops and livestock, which supported increases in food production and population in the Old World. The number of Africans taken to the New World was far greater than the number of Europeans moving to the New World in the first three centuries after Columbus. European colonists and African slaves replaced Indigenous populations across the Americas, to varying degrees.
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The cultures of both hemispheres were significantly impacted by the migration of people (both free and enslaved) from the Old World to the New. Communicable diseases of Old World origin resulted in an 80 to 95 percent reduction in the number of Indigenous peoples of the Americas from the 15th century onwards, most severely in the Caribbean. Some of the exchanges were purposeful some were accidental or unintended. It is named after the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus and is related to the European colonization and global trade following his 1492 voyage. The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, precious metals, commodities, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the New World (the Americas) in the Western Hemisphere, and the Old World ( Afro-Eurasia) in the Eastern Hemisphere, in the late 15th and following centuries. Old World native plants Clockwise, from top left:
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